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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



HOW TO TELL 



AGE OF A HORSE. 

A POCKET MANUAL, 

Giving full information of the methods employed 
by Professio7ial Horsemen and Veterinarians 
to determine the Age of Horses^ ivith nu- 
merous illustrations, showing the shape 
of the teeth at differ eiit ages. 



CHAPTER ON HORSE CHARACTER, 

OR HOW TO DETERMINE THE DISPOSITION OP A 

HORSE, WITH PORTRAITS OF SKVERAL FAMOUS 

TROTTERS AND THOROIJ£ru-BREDS. 

By Prof. J. M. HEARD, 

Member of the Royal College of Veterinary ^rr-rr'Tr — n^^^ 
London, and Professor of Clinical Surgery and f fl^^k 
Surgical Pathology^ in the New York College ^Sfjk^ 

of Veterinary Surgeons. '^ 

..84' 

NEW YORK: 7 '^ ^"^^^ 

M. T. RICHARDSON", PUBLISHER. 

18S4. 



Copyright, 1884, by 
M. T. RICHARDSON, 



Edward O. Jenkins' Sons, 
Printers and StereotyperSy 
20 North William St., N.Y. 



^«#' 



PREFACE. 



The preparation of this little 
work was suggested by Mr. M. T. 
Richardson, publisher of the Black- 
smith and WheehvrigJit, who some 
time ago had occasion to attempt 
the purchase of a horse. Although 
he had a copious library to draw 
upon, containing many books on 
horses, he was unable to find any- 
thing of practical value to aid him 
in determining the ages of the 
horses he looked at. Notwith- 
standing many of the books allud- 
ed to were illustrated, the methods 

(3) 



4 PREFACE. 

of illustration were confusing, and 
the size of the books made it im- 
practicable for him to take them 
with him for reference when want- 
ed. An attempt has been made 
in the following pages to simplify- 
both the illustrations and the de- 
scriptive matter, with the view of 
producing a work which can easily 
be carried in the pocket so as to 
be available at any moment. 

In order not to confuse the 
searcher after knowledge, the shad- 
ing which would be required to rep- 
resent the uneven surface of the 
teeth is omitted, and they are left 
white on top, with only the spots 
standing out plain and distinct. 



PREFACE. 5 

It is believed by the author that 
a diligent study of these pages and 
a comparison of the engravings 
with the teeth, will make almost 
any one proficient in determining 
the ages of horses in a short time. 

The engravings have been made 
with especial care, but the student 
should bear in mind that the teeth 
of no two horses are exactly alike. 
The general conformation, how- 
ever, will be found, it is believed, 
more nearly accurate than any- 
thing else 'in print. 

The Author. 

May 15, 1884. 



HOW TO TELL 



AGE OF A HORSE 



PART L 
Chapter L 

To persons buying, and selling, 
or trading in horses, it is of the 
highest importance that a nearly 
correct opinion of the age of the 
animal may be formed. 

At a very early period this fact 
was fully recognized, and an at- 
tempt was made to formulate rules 
for the guidance of persons inter- 
ested in the age of the horse. 

(7) 



8 HOW TO TELL 

Of course, every trained horse- 
man will recognize the lightness 
and elasticity of step of the youth- 
ful horse as compared with middle- 
aged or older animals. 

One of the general indications 
of age is the angular appearance 
of the lower jaw as seen in old 
horses ; there is, also, a different 
appearance to the eyes and coun- 
tenance generally. These, how- 
ever, are only general appearances, 
and liable to considerable variation 
in different individuals. 

To definitely get at the age of 
horses, there must be recognized 
some structure of the animal which 
is little liable to change, and which 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 9 

can easily be examined. The only 
organs answering this purpose are 
the teeth, and even the teeth are 
not an infallible guide to age, as 
we occasionally find deviations 
from the usual standard. Yet they 
are the only guide that can be 
safely trusted with any degree of 
confidence. 

Rules for ascertaining the age 
by an inspection of the teeth are 
based on a very large number of 
investigations, and any deviation 
therefrom will be found rare, and 
an exception to the general prin- 
ciples laid down in the following 
pages. 



Chapter II. 

The incisors of the lower jaw- 
are the teeth that are generally 
examined to determine the age of 
the horse. These are the six teeth 
situated in the front of the jaw. 

The tushes are a partial indica- 
tion, and might assist the judg- 
ment in a doubtful case, but it is 
very seldom that much weight is 
given to, or in fact much notice 
taken of, the appearance of any of 
the teeth, except the incisors of 
the lower jaw. 

In this description we shall speak 

(10) 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. II 

of the six incisors as nippers, and 
the middle pair, or those situated 
in the middle of the row and at 




Fig. I.— Showing Lcwer Jaw at 2J Years. 
A A. Central Nippers. B B. Middle 
Nippers. CC. Corner Nippers, 

the extreme front (see Fig. i), A A, 
will be described as the ceritral nip- 
pers. The second pair, B B, are 
the middle nippers, and the third 



12 HOW TO TELL 

pair, C C, are the corner nippers. As 
will be seen, this figure represents 
the appearance of the nippers in 
the lower jaw at 2j4 years. 

The central nippers are just 
through the gum, and are there- 
fore the first permanent pair. The 
middle and corner nippers in this 
engraving represent the temporary 
teeth which will remain for a year 
and two years respectively from 
this period. 

We must here notice the differ- 
ence in size between the temporary 
and permanent teeth. It is seen 
at a glance that the permanent 
teeth are very much larger than 
the temporary. At this age we 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 



find one large pair, only recently 
cut, and two small pairs, one of 
which will give way to a permanent 
pair at 3>^ years, and the other 




Fig. 2 SHOWS A Lower Jaw at si Years. 

pair will be replaced by permanent 
teeth at 4}4 to 5 years. 

When we come to about this age 
we notice (see Fig. 2) that a radical 



14 HOW TO TELL 

change has taken place. As will be 
seen, the second pair, or middle 
temporary nippers, have given way 
and in their place has appeared the 
second pair of permanent nippers, 
which at this age have the same 
appearance that the central pair 
did at 2^ years. The central 
nippers themselves have changed 
somewhat, and are commencing 
to show the wear to which they 
have been subjected since they 
were cut. We notice that the 
marks are not so large nor as deep 
as in Fig. i. We still have the 
temporary corner nippers, which, 
of course, are very much smaller 
than either of the permanent pairs. 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 1$ 

However, no mistake need be made, 
as it will be easily seen that the 
middle pair have not been cut for 
any length of time. 




Fig. 3 SHOWS THE Lower Jaw at 5 Years. 
The next step in our description 
brings us to Fig. 3, which shows 
the condition of the teeth at 4^ 
to 5 years old. Here we have 
what is termed a full mouth ; that 



l6 HOW TO TELL 

is, all the permanent nippers are 
up, and the temporary ones of 
course are all shed. Changes, too, 
have taken place in the permanent 
teeth ; which we must examine 
very closely, as we have no brake 
to stop us now, as we had while 
the temporary teeth were in their 
places. 

We could then say, " This horse 
is not 5 years old, or he is not 4 
years old, as he shows one or two 
pairs of temporary teeth." Now 
we must look entirely to the marks 
or spots in the middle of the teeth 
for our guidance. 

Unprincipled dealers, availing 
themselves of the services of skill- 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 1/ 

ed dentists, attempt to imitate this 
age more than any other perhaps 
in old horses, as seen in Fig. 20, 
p. 36. The novice in such matters 
should always be on his guard 
against such fraud, for to an or- 
dinary observer the teeth prepared 
as described, very much resemble 
those of a 5-year-old horse. 

In the accompanying engraving, 
Fig. 3, it will be seen that the cor- 
ner nippers have about the same 
appearance as the middle pair in 
Fig. 2, and the central pair in Fig. 
I. They have not been up long 
enough to sustain any appreciable 
wear, and they have very deep, full 
marks. The central pair, however, 



l8 HOW TO TELL 

are worn, so that a considerable 
proportion of the mark has disap- 
peared, leaving only a small black 




Fig. 4 SHOWS THF. Lower Jaw at 6 Years. 

spot ; but it will be noticed that 
the shape of the tooth has not 
changed as yet, as it will when the 



animal grows older. 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 1 9 

Instead of the oval shape that 
the teeth present now, at 9 years 
and after, they will be more trian- 
gular. This appearance is well rep- 
resented in Fig. 14. The middle 
nippers at 5 years have consider- 
ably changed from the appearance 
of a year previous. The marks are 
not so large, but still preserve a 
respectable size and depth. 

We find in Fig. 4, which repre- 
sents a 6-year-old mouth, that the 
central nippers have lost all their 
marks except a comparatively small 
speck. The middle pair have lost 
much of the mark, as seen at 5 
years old in Fig. 3, and they re- 
semble the central pair in that fig- 



20 HOW TO TELL 

ure. The corner nippers, too, have 
lost-some of their full marks which 




Fig. 5 SHOWS A Lower Jaw at 7 Years. 

they had a year previous, but they 
are still large. At this age, too, the 
tushes are completely up in the 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 21 

male, but do not show any per- 
ceptible wear. 

The changes from six to seven 




Fig. 6 SHOWS A Lower Jaw at 8 Years. 

years old are not very remarkable. 
The teeth all show more wear, and 
the marks are not so plain, of 



22 HOW TO TELL 

course. The greatest difference is 
in the corner nippers, where the 
marks are considerably smaller 
than at six years, but much larger 
than in the central or middle pairs. 

In Fig. 6, which represents the 
teeth at eight years of age, we 
see that they show about the 
same-sized marks ; which are all 
quite small. As yet the teeth re- 
main quite oval in form, but in a 
short time they become somewhat 
triangular, especially the central 
pair of nippers. 

In Fig. 7, showing the teeth at 
nine years old, the marks proper 
have mostly disappeared, and there 
remains only a small black speck. 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 



23 



The central nippers are slightly 
triangular in shape. The tushes 




Fig:. 7 SHOWS A Lower Jaw at 9 Years. 



are much more rounded at the 
points than before. 

In Fig. 8, which is a side view 
of the front of the upper jaw 



24 HOW TO TELL 

at 9 years of age, the wear to the 
corner nippers is shown. 

In Fig. 9, showing the teeth at 




Fig. 8.— Side View of an Upper Jaw at g 
Years, showing the Wear in the Corner 
Nippers. 

ten years of age, we see the cen- 
tral nippers quite triangular, with 
a tendency to take on that form 
in the middle pair. The marks 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 2$ 

are all obliterated except a very 
small speck. The teeth are also 
longer, and project forward more 
than in younger horses. 




Fig. 9 SHOWS A Lower Jaw at lo Years. 

The triangular shape increases 
in Fig. lo, eleven years old, in all 
the nippers, even the corner pair 
showing a tendency in that direc- 



26 



Plow TO TELL 



tion. The tushes are much round- 
er at the points, and the nippers 
are longer and project forward 




Fig:. lo SHOWS A Lower Jaw at ii Years. 

more. We notice that the central 
pair are quite triangular. 

The teeth grow more and more 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 



2J 



triangular in Fig. ii, twelve years 
of age ; and we observe in Fig. 12 
a side view of the front of the up- 




Fig:. II SHOWS A Lower Jaw at 12 Years. 

per jaw, which shows the form of 
the corner nippers and tushes. It 
is seen that the front of the corner 
nipper is worn even with the mid- 



.28 HOW TO TELL 

die pair ; on the back part of the 
corner nipper the wear is not so 
pronounced, and we see a sharp 
elongated projection. The differ- 




Fig. 12.— Side View of Front and Upper 
Jaw at 12 Years of Age, Showing the 
Wear of the Corner Nippers. 

ence between this projection at 
twelve years from that at nine 
years, will be noticed by examin- 
ing Figs. 12 and 8. 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 29 

In Fig. 13, a lower jaw at thir- 
teen years of age, there is nothing 




Fig. 13 SHOWS A Lower Jaw at 13 Years. 



in particular to note except that 
the triangular shape continues to 
increase. 

In Fig. 14, showing the teeth at 



30 HOW TO TELL 

fourteen years old, the nippers are 
somewhat longer, and project for- 




Fis:. 14 SHOWS THE Lower Jaw at 14 Years. 

ward more and more, as they will 
contniue to do as the animal grows 
older. 

In Fig. 15 we see the tendency 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 3 1 

to a triangular shape increasing, 
and the teeth becoming longer; 




Fig:. 15 SHOWS Lower Jaw at 15 Years. 

they also have a more oblique pro- 
jection forward. 

In Fig. 16, eighteen years old, the 



32 



HOW TO TELL 



nippers are all more triangular, the 
corner ones being less triangular 
than the others. 




Fig. i6 SHOWS A Lower Jaw at i8 Years. 



In Fig. 17 the same points which 
have been described in the fore- 
going pages, will be seen to be 
somewhat intensified. 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 33 

In an animal twenty years old 
(see Fig. 18) the nippers are all 
very triangular, very long, and 




Fig. 17 SHOWS A Lower Jaw at 19 Years. 

project forward in a very great de- 
gree. The tushes are very round 
at the points. 



34 HOW TO TELL 

In Fig. 19 are represented the 
changes in the shape of the teeth 
from the young to the very old 
animals. At a we see a represen- 




Fig;. 18 SHOWS A Lower Jaw at 20 Years. 

tation of a central nipper at five 
years old ; at <^ it is shown as it 
looks at nine years,whcn it becomes 
somewhat triangular, and has lost 



IHE AGE OF A HORSE. 



35 



the marks. At c we see the same 
tooth at the age of eighteen years. 
The difference in shape will be 



noticed at a glance. 






Fig:. 19. 



BISHOPING. 



Fig. 20 represents the nippers 
when they have been fixed up to 
resemble a young animal. This 



J6 



HOW TO TELi. 



operation, which is called '' Bish- 
oping," is very frequently resorted 
to by dealers, and is often very 




Fig:. 20 REPRESENTS THE TeETH OF AN OLD 

Horse Changed to Resemble a Five-Year- 
Old. 

successfully practiced. To make 
the marks in the teeth, or rather 
to make the cavity for the mark, 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 37 

fine-tempered chisels and engrav- 
ers' tools are used ; and when the 
cavity has been made deep enough 
and as even as possible, the black 
mark is burnt in by the use of ni- 
trate of silver, or some other chem- 
ical agent. In the above illustra- 
tion the marks are very uneven ; 
and we often find that to be the 
case in the '' Bishoped " mouth, 
but sometimes the marks are very 
evenly placed, and to the casual 
observer look just like the natural 
marks of a five-year-old horse ; for 
that is the age they all try to imitate. 
It is easily seen that the nippers in 
the above figure are those of an 
aged animal. The central pair are 



38 THE AGE OF A HORSE. 

quite triangular, and the middle 
ones are also advanced in that di- 
rection. The corner pair arc the 
teeth that the operator works on 
the most, as those are the teeth 
the most confidence is placed in 
to determine the five-year-old. 



PART II. 

HORSE CHARACTER. 

Horse character is a subject 
which as yet has received very lit- 
tle attention. 

Although almost any experi- 
enced horseman can tell some- 
thing of the disposition of a horse 
by looking him in the face and by 
the expression of his eyes, no spe- 
cial rules have been formulated 
for the guidance of a novice in 
such matters, and few who possess 
(39) 



40 HOW TO TELL 

this kind of knowledge are able 
to explain the methods by which 
they reach conclusions as to the 
characteristics of horses. 

One man will say : 

" Look out for that horse. He 
is treacherous." 

Another will remark after an in- 
spection of the countenance of a 
horse : 

''You can trust him. He is gen- 
tle and kind." 

Neither can tell exactly why he 
thinks as he does. 

Some time ago there was pub- 
lished in the Blacksmith and Wheel- 
wright a short article by Mr. Nelson 
Sizer, the well-known phrenologist 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 4I 

and author, which throws light on 
this interesting question, and may 
lead sooner or later to investiga- 
tions which will he of no little 
value to those who seek to select 
horses for special purposes. We 
reproduce herewith the article al- 
luded to, as well as the illustrations 
accompanying it : 

''The horse is at once the no- 
blest and among the most intelli- 
gent of the animal kingdom. Like 
the dog, he becomes fond of man, 
and 'shares with his lord the pleas- 
ure and pride * of companionship 
and achievement. Like men, horses 
are of various dispositions. One 
exhibits pride and dignity ; an- 



42 HOW TO TELL 

Other is dull, tame, and inefficient. 
One is savage ; another is kind. 




Fig-. 21.— Intelligkxt Horse. 

Head of a horse of tractable disposition, that can 

be taught almost anything;. 

One is quick to understand, while 
another is stupid. One has cour- 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 43 

age ; another is shy and timid, and 
therefore unreliable. There are 
differences in the form and expres- 
sion of the face of the horse, es- 
pecially in the structure and form 
of the head. Characteristics of this 
kind may be profitably studied by 
horsemen. In Fig. 21 of the en- 
gravings, "it will be noticed there is 
a great width between and promi- 
nence of the eyes, which indicates 
a teachable and tractable horse. 
The width between the ears indi- 
cates courage, nobleness, and 
strength of character. Roundness 
and elevation between the eyes is 
a sign of mildness of disposition, 
and desire to be caressed and to 



44 



HOW TO TELL 



reciprocate kindness. A timid 
horse is narrow between the ears, 
like the deer, sheep, and rabbit. 




Fig. 22. — ^Vicious and Unteachable. 
A horse of the lowest grade of intelligence. 

Such an one lacks courage, and 
is always unreliable. A dull, un- 
teachable horse is narrow between 
the eyes, and flat and contracted 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 45 

above and back of them. A horse 
of the general characteristics indi- 
cated in Fig. 21 can be taught al- 
most anything. Such an one trusts 
and loves man. 

" The sketch exhibited in Fig. 22 
shows in all respects a marked con- 
trast, comparing with the figure 
just referred to. The intelligence 
of the horse represented in this 
figure is of the lowest sort, and is 
confined to self-preservation. Such 
a horse is comparatively destitute 
of kindness and tractability. He 
will bite, kick, shy, run away, or 
balk, if irritated and worried. He 
lacks every element of nobleness 
and amiability. He is fit only for 



46 HOW TO TELL 

a mill or horse-boat. In monoto- 
nous lines of drudgery he may be 
worth keeping, but for general use 
he should be shunned. 

" Some horses from defective 
vision shy at shadows or anything 
not dangerous. When this is the 
case gentleness and patience may 
tend to cure the habit. No horse 
should be whipped for stumbling 
and falling, or for being afraid, un- 
less one would make the matter 
ten times worse." 

To assist the student of horse 
character, we present in this con- 
nection portraits, drawn by an art- 
ist celebrated for his faithful repre- 
sentations of famous horses, of a 
number of well-known horses. 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 47 

Fig. 23 is a profile portrait of 
Maud S., whose record of 2:io| is 




Fig. 23 IS A Profile View of the Celebrated 
Trotter, Maud S. 

known to all horsemen. She was 
originally owned by Capt. Stone, 
of Cincinnati, and was named by 



48 



HOW TO TELL 



him. At present she is the prop- 
erty of Mr. William H. Vanderbilt, 
of this city. 




Fig:. 24 IS A Thorough-bred. 

The thorough-bred shown in 
Fig. 24 is simply a typical head. 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 49 

The special features presented will 
be recognized as those very gen- 




Fig. 25 IS A FINE Likeness of Hambletonian. 
erally met with among thorough- 
bred horses. 

Hambletonian (Fig. 25) is the 



50 



HuW TO TEIX 



well-known sire of Volunteer, and 
of many of the best trotting horses 
of the present day. More of the 




Fig. 26 REPRESENTS A FRENCH PeRCHERON. 

descendants of Habletonian are to 
be found in the 2:30 list than of 
any other horse in existence. 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 5 1 

The typical French Percheron, 
which we show in Fig. 26, was 




Fig:. 27 IS THE Head of a Scotch Clydesdale. 

drawn from a photograph. The 
original of this picture has been 



52 HOW TO TELL 

in active service in a Paris omnibus 
company for a number of years. 




Fig. 28 SHOWS THE Stallion, Black Henry 

A typical Scotch Clydesdale h 
shown in Fig. 27. This is a favorite 



THE AGE OF A HORSE. 53 

draft horse, heavier in weight than 
the French Percheron, and quite 
largely imported into this country 
for breeding purposes and for cross- 
ing with the view of obtaining de- 
sirable draft horses. 

Black Henry (Fig. 28) is of the 
Clay breed. He is a son of the 
well-known stallion Henry Clay ; a 
stallion possessing many points of 
excellence. 

The readers of this little volume 
can hardly fail to profit greatly by 
a careful study of these heads, and 
a comparison of them with horses 
coming under their observation. 



54 ADVERTISEMENTS. 



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ADVERTISEMENTS. 55 

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56 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 




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MANUFACTURER OF 

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